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- Shape
- Support
- Movement
- Manufacture of blood
- Protection
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- 206-213
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- 20 bones fused together
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- 33
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- 7
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- 12
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- 5
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- 5
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- 4
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- The first 24 from the top
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- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
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- Discs of cartilage
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- Act as shock absorbers
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- The last 9
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- Sacrum
- Coccyx
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- 12 pairs of ribs (24 altogether)
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- 3 Sections
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- True ribs
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- The first 7 pairs
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- They are attached to breastbone at front of body
- And to the spine at the back of the body
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- False ribs
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- 3 pairs
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- They are attached to the 7th pair above them
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- Floating ribs
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- 2 pairs
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- They have no function - just float
- Only attached to the spine
- Sternum
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- Collar bone
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- Shoulder blade
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- Connects the arms to the axial skeleton
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- Hip bone
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- Hip bones
- Sacrum
- It is fused to the spine
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- Legs
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- Hollow cavity where the hip bones attach to the sacrum
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- Humerous
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpus
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges/Digits
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- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsus
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges/Digits
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- Collagen
- Calcium salts
- Bone cells
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- Provide flexibility
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- To provide hardness
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- Calcium phosphate
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- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
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- Collagen
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- Protein
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- Fibrous protein
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- Connective tissue
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- Scts as a shock absorber
- Allow for the friction free movement of bones
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- Slow to heal
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- It is lacking in blood vessels and nerves
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- Protective membrane on the outer surface of the bone
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- Nerves
- Blood vessels
- Osteoblasts
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- In the diaphysis
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- To provide strength and rigidity
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- Epiphysis
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- Dense/lighter than compact bone
- Made up of boney bars/plates
- Has many hollows filled with red bone marrow
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- To provide strength and rigidity
- Makes red bone marrow
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- Spongy bone
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- Produce blood cells
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- Medullary cavity
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- It is a lipid or fat rich substance
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- Stores fat
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- It can be converted into red bone marrow if cell production needs to be increased
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- When cartilage is replaced by hard bone
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- Due to the action of growth plates
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- Discs of cartilage
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- Growth plates are discs of cartilage
- In this cartilage are cells called chondrocytes
- They cause a cartilage frame to form
- Eventually osteoblasts replace the chondrocytes
- Creating a collagen matrix which gets covered in calcium salts
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- Build bone
Remember - osteoblast - Build bone
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- Break down bone
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- Diet
- Exercise
- Hormones
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- Osteoblasts
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- Osteoclasts
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- Parathyroid hormone
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- Skull
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- The bones are fused together
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- In the vertebral column
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- Joints have limited movement
- Move little in relation to one another
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- Synovial joints
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- Ends of the bones are covered in cartilage
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- Tough fibrous layer that surrounds the bone of the joint
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- To secrete synovial fluid
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- The joint can move in all directions
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- Hip
- Shoulder
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- Movement in one direction
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- Elbow
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- Joins muscle to bone
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- Joins bone to bone
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- Absorbs shock
- Allows for friction free movement of bones
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- Secretes synovial fluid
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- Lubricates joint
- Absorbs shock
- Delivers nutrients to cartilage
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- Voluntary muscles
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- Bone
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- Involuntary muscles
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- In the heart
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- Involuntary muscle
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- Digestive organs
- Blood vessels
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- A pair of muscles that have opposite actions
- When one is contracting the other is relaxing
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- Biceps and Triceps
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- When bicep contracts
- The triceps relaxes
- The arm is pulled upwards
- When the triceps contract
- The biceps relax
- The arm is lowered
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- Osteoarthritis
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- Wear and tear of joints (cartilage at end of bone wears away and becomes damaged)
- Old age
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- Joint stiffness
- Swelling
- Pain
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- Good diet
- Exercise correctly - run on soft ground
- Sometimes there may be no prevention
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- Anti-inflammatory medication
- Surgery - joint replacement