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- Gonads
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- Testes
- Ovaries
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- Gametes
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- Sperm cells
- Egg cells
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- Haploid
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- Here is both the side view and the front view.
- Use whichever diagram you find easiest. I personally preferred the side view.
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- Produces sperm
- Produces testosterone
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- Secretes alkaline fluid
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- Secretes seminal fluid
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- Lubricates the penis to prepare it for sexual intercourse
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- Allows sperm to swim
- Provides nutrients to nourish sperm
- Acts as a lubricant for sexual intercourse
- Protects sperm against acid in vagina
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- Fructose
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- It is cooler outside and sperm production works best at the slightly cooler temperature of 35 degrees
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- Testes
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- Sperm is produced when diploid cells in the testes divide by meiosis
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- Epididymis
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- On top of each testis
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- Head
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- Contains enzymes to dissolve egg coating
- Allows sperm to enter the egg
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- Flagella
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- Movement
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- The mid-section
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- Provides energy for the sperm to swim
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- 0-7 days
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- Stimulates cells in testes to divide by meiosis and produce sperm
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- Pituitary gland
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- Stimulates the testes to produce testosterone
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- Pituitary gland
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- Puberty
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- Causes and maintains secondary sexual characteristics in males
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- Features apart from sex organs that distinguish between the sexes
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- Deepening of voice
- Increase in height
- Widening of shoulders
- Pubic hair growth
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- Low sperm count
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- Smoking
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- Stop smoking
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- Lining of the uterus
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- Produces the egg
- Produces hormones
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- Oestrogen
- Progesterone
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- Where fertilisation of the egg occurs
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- The fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote
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- Allows sperm to enter uterus
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- Holds developing foetus
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- Holds the penis
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- When meiosis occurs in the ovaries
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- Oocyte
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- In a graafian follicle
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- A nest of cells located in the ovary
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- Oogenesis
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- Onset of puberty causes a number of immature follicles to mature each month
- The immature egg divides by meiosis in the Graafian Follicle to form the haploid female egg cell (gamete)
- At ovulation the Graafian follicle bursts to release the female egg
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- 11-14
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- Oestrogen
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- Development of pubic hair
- Development of breasts
- Widening of hips
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- Failure to ovulate properly
- Blockage in fallopian tube
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- Medication to stimulate ovulation
- IVF
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- With the onset of puberty follicles are stimulated to mature each month
- One follicle fully matures in the graafian follicle
- The female gamete is produced by meiosis in the graafian follicle and released (Ovulation)
- The endometrium (uterus lining) is stimulated by hormones to build up to prepare for a fertilised egg
- If fertilisation does not occur the endometrium will break down (menstruation)
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- The shedding of the endometrium in the absence of fertilisation
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- Every 28 days
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- When the female enters menopause
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- REMEMBER - FLOP
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- Pituitary gland
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- Stimulated follicles to develop in the ovaries
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- Pituitary gland
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- Ovulation
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- Rupturing of the graafian follicle, releasing the egg for fertilisation
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- On day 14 of the menstrual cycle
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- A yellow structure called a “Corpus Luteum”
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- in the Graafian Follicle in the ovaries
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- causes the endometrium (inner lining of uterus) to build up
- INHIBITS the secretion of FSH (to only allow one egg to be released)
- STIMULATES the secretion of Luteinising Hormone (LH)
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- Produced by the Corpus Luteum
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- Causes the endometrium to build up further/maintain its size
- Inhibits FSH and LH production
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- The corpus luteum will break down
- This causes progesterone levels to drop
- This will cause the endometrium to break down (menstruation)
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- Corpus luteum will not break down
- Progesterone levels will not drop
- Menstruation will not occur
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- Fibroids
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- Benign tumours in the uterus lining
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- Abnormal response to the pill
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- Surgery
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- Male penis becomes erect
- Vaginal secretions occur in female
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- This is the inertion of the male penis into the female vagina
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- Point at which arousal peaks
- Ejaculation of semen from penis into vagina
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- Insemination
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- The fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote
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- Fallopian tube
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- Female egg is released after ovulation and enters the fallopian tube
- Egg is moved along fallopian tube by cilia (hair like projections) and contractions of the fallopian tube wall
- Male sperm swims through the uterus and enters the fallopian tube
- Both cells fuse to form a diploid zygote
- NOTE - only one single sperm cell fuses with the female egg
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- Inheriting DNA other than that found in the nucleus
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- Mother
- Only the head of the sperm fuses with the egg
- But we know that the mitochondria of the sperm is located in the mid section (not the head)
- So therefore no mitochondria is received from the father
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- The time in the menstrual cycle when pregnancy is most likely to occur
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- 48 hours
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- Up to 7 days
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- The newly formed zygote divides by mitosis to form a ball of undifferentiated cells
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- Morula
- This new structure then absorbs liquid and becomes a blastocyst
- This blastocyst then gets embedded in the endometrium
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- Trophoblasts
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- Embryo
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- The embedding of the fertilised egg (blastocyst) into the endometrium
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- 6-9 days after fertilisation
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- When implantation has occured
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- It contains tissue belonging to two different organisms
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- Mother
- Embyro
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- The blastocyst becomes fully embedded in the endometrium
- The trophoblasts eventually mix with uterus tissue to form the placenta
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- Umbilical chord
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- Around 3 months after fertilisation
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- Separates the blood of the mother from the baby
- Produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy
- Allows food to be passed from mothers blood to baby
- Allows waste to be passed from baby to mother for excretion
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- Inner cell mass within the blastocyst
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- A layer of cells within the embryo form a protective membrane around embryo
- This membrane will then fill with a fluid
- The embryo then develops three germ layers
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- Amnion
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- Amniotic fluid
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- Protection
- Absorbing shock
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- Cells in the blastocyst which give rise to all cells and organs
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- Inner layer
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- Lining of digestive system
- Lining of respiratory system
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- Middle layer
REMEMBER - Middle Mesoderm
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- Musculoskeletal system
- Heart
- Lungs
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- Outer layer
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- Skin
- Nervous system
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- YOU DONT NEED TO LEARN THIS DIAGRAM IS JUST TO HELP AND UNDERSTAND THE GERM CELLS EASIER
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- By the end of week 8
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- All the major organs have formed
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- By the end of the 3rd month/12th week
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- Sex organs are visible
- Eyes are low and widely spaced
- Bone tissue appears, grow and cartilage is replaced with bone
- Nerves and muscles become co-ordinated, legs and arms move
- Teeth begin to grow
- Breaths amniotic fluid in and out
- Defecates and urinates into the fluid
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- 40 weeks/9 months
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- The 1st day of the previous/last menstrual period
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- Hormones
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- Progesterone (main hormone)
- Oestrogen
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- The placenta stops producing progesterone
- A drop in levels of progesterone (which is supposed to maintain pregnancy)
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- Oxytocin
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- Causes the uterus walls to contract
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- Pituitary gland
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- Amnion ruptures releasing amniotic fluid
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- Water breaking
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- 10cm
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- To allow the babies head to fit out first
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- Contractions push the baby out of the uterus
- Baby passes down the birth canal (vagina) head first
- Baby is born and the umbilical chord is cut
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- The placenta is delivered
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- Production and secretion of breast milk
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- Hormones
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- Prolactin
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- Pituitary gland
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- Mammary gland in the breasts
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- Stimulates the production of milk
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- Oxytocin
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- Suckle on the mother breast
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- Breast pump
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- Baby receives antibodies from the mother
- Milk is nutritionally balanced for the baby
- Promotes bonding between mother and baby
- Stimulates uterus to contract back to normal size after
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- Measures to intentionally prevent fertilisation or implantation
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- Condom
- Diaphragm
- The coil
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- The pill
- Arm implant
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- In a male - vasectomy
- In a female - tubal ligation
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- Rhythm method
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- Avoid intercourse during fertile period
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- Invitro Fertilisation
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- Fertilisation that takes place outside the body
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- Several female eggs are harvested from ovaries
- Sperm is collected from the male
- Fertilisation takes place in a lab
- The embryo is then implanted into the female endometrium