‣
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
‣
- Contains :
- 1 Base
- 1 Sugar
- 1 Phosphate
‣
‣
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
‣
- Adenine & Thymine
- Guanine & Cytosine
‣
- Purine bases
‣
- Pyrimidine bases
‣
‣
- Ribonucleic Acid
‣
‣
‣
- Messenger ribonucleic acid
‣
‣
- Transfer ribonucleic acid
‣
‣
- Ribosomal ribonucleic acid
‣
- DNA is double stranded where as RNA is single stranded
- The bases in DNA are AGCT where as the bases in RNA are AGCU
- DNA is only found in nucleus where as RNA is found in nucleus, cytoplasm and ribosomes
- DNA is a deoxyribose sugar where as RNA is a ribose sugar
‣
- Uracil
‣
‣
- DNA unzips
- Bases from the cytoplasm add to/attach to the correct base on the exposed sequence of DNA
- 2 strands of DNA are made from 1
‣
- During the interphase of mitosis
‣
- By enzymes
‣
‣
‣
‣
- The artificial manipulation or alteration of genes
‣
Remember - ICITE
‣
‣
- DNA with specific gene of interest is removed from an organism
- DNA is also removed from bacteria
‣
‣
- DNA with the specific gene of interest is cut using the restriction enzymes
- Many fragments are produced
- Including one which is the gene of interest
‣
‣
- Target gene is inserted into the bacterial plasmid (vector)
- DNA Ligase joins together the end of the plasmid to each end of the inserted gene
‣
‣
- A new gene is now in the organism and a part of the DNA
‣
‣
- Transformed organism reproduces
- Many clones are produced
- Inserted gene is expressed
- The new gene produces a protein - product is produced
‣
- Cloning of a sheep
‣
- Tomatoes containing an unripening gene
‣
- Bacteria to produce insulin
‣
‣
- Bands of DNA are used to distinguish one individual from another
‣
- DNA is extracted and isolated from the sample
- DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes
- DNA is separated on the basis of size
- DNA is placed onto gel electrophoresis
- Fragments create a pattern which can be used for comparison or analysis
‣
- Paternity tests
- Solving crime
‣
‣
- The use of DNA profile to look for a specific gene
‣
- For identifying genetic disorders
‣
- Cystic Fibrosis
‣
‣
‣
- Alternative form of the same gene
‣
- Two identical alleles
‣
- Two different alleles
‣
- Does not work in the presence of a dominant allele
‣
- Masks the affect of a recessive allele
‣
- Genetic makeup of an organism
‣
- Physical appearance of an organism
- Expresses the organisms genotypes
‣
- Neither allele is dominant
- Both traits are expressed in heterozygous conditions
‣
- Characteristics are found on the X chromosome without a corresponding gene on the Y chromosome
‣
- Dihybrid cross
- Linked cross
- Sex-Linked cross
- Co-Dominant cross
‣
- Videos by Biology Bugbears. These are very useful videos. All rights belong to them.
‣
- Gregor Mendel
- Either pair of alleles is equally likely to combine with either of another pair of alleles
- Organisms contain two factors for every trait. At gamete formation these factors separate, with only one member of the pair being found in the gamete
‣
‣
‣
‣
‣
‣
‣
‣
‣
- DNA unzips at the gene where a code for a protein is needed to be made
- This section of the gene is exposed
‣
- By enzymes
‣
‣
- Making mRNA using DNA as a template
‣
- mRNA nucleotides enter nucleus from cytoplasm
- Bases on this nucleotide align to complimentary bases on exposed section of DNA
- Thymine is not present - Uracil is present instead on mRNA nucleotide
- RNA polymerase connects the pairs together to form mRNA
- mRNA carries the information copied from the genes towards the ribosomes exiting through the nuclear pores
‣
- Group of molecules arranged into groups of 3 bases
‣
- Codons
‣
- Start codons
- Codons that code for an amino acid
- Stop codons
‣
‣
- Making a protein using mRNA code
‣
- mRNA connects to ribosome at the start codon
- tRNA, which have the complimentary anti-codon bases and the specific amino acid to that on the mRNA strand enter the ribosome and attach to the mRNA
- Ribosomes are made out of rRNA which helps to bond together tRNA and mRNA
- This process repeats and amino acids join together through peptide bonds
- Translation finishes when ribosome reaches the stop codon on mRNA
‣
‣
- The new chain of amino acids fold into their functional shape